Items where Author is "Turley, CM"

Gaines, S, Cabral, R, Free, CM, Golbuu, Y, Arnason, R, Battista, W, Bradley, D, Cheung, W, Fabricius, KE, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Juinio-Meñez, MA, Molinos, JG, Ojea, E, O'Reilly, E and Turley, CM 2023 The Expected Impacts of Climate Change on the Ocean Economy. In: The Blue Compendium. Springer Interrnational Publishing (2023), 15.

Rees, AP, Bange, HW, Arévalo-Martínez, DL, Artioli, Y, Ashby, DM, Brown, IJ, Campen, HI, Clark, DR, Kitidis, V, Lessin, G, Tarran, GA and Turley, CM 2021 Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean. Ambio, 51 (2). 398-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01633-8

Good, P, Bamber, J, Halladay, K, Harper, A, Jackson, L, Kay, G, Kruijt, B, Lowe, J, Phillips, O, Ridley, J, Srokosz, M, Turley, CM and Williamson, P 2018 Recent progress in understanding climate thresholds: ice sheets, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, tropical forests and responses to ocean acidification.. Progress in Physical Geography, 42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133317751843

Turley, CM, Keizer, T, Seeyave, S, Beckman, F, Nicolai, M and Newton, J 2017 Oceans of Impact. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 4pp. (UNSPECIFIED)

Wolff, E, Arnell, N, Friedlingstein, P, Gregory, J, Haigh, J, Haines, A, Hawkins, E, Hegerl, G, Hoskins, B, Mace, G, Prentice, IC, Shine, K, Smith, P, Sutton, R and Turley, CM 2017 The Royal Society Climate Updates: What have we learnt since the IPCC 5th Assessment Report?. UK, The Royal Society Policy Publication, 35pp. (DES5123)

Birchenough, SNR, Williamson, P and Turley, CM 2017 Future of the Sea: Ocean Acidification. Government Office Science. (UNSPECIFIED)

Williamson, P, Turley, CM and Ostle, C 2017 Ocean acidification. MCCIP. (UNSPECIFIED)

Turley, CM, Boot, K and Williamson, P 2017 What has the UK Ocean Acidification research programme told us? An infographic for Defra.. [Dissemination / Communication]

Lacoue-Labarthe, T, Nunes, PALD, Ziveri, P, Cinar, M, Gazeau, F, Hall-Spencer, JM, Hilmi, N, Moschella, P, Safa, A, Sauzade, D and Turley, CM 2016 Impacts of ocean acidification in a warming Mediterranean Sea: An overview. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 5. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2015.12.005

Williamson, P and Turley, CM 2016 How can we minimise negative effects on ocean health? Policy card E1-E2. AVOID and UKOA programmes, 2pp. (UNSPECIFIED)

Fischer, A, Grimes, S, Combal, B, Heileman, S, Bourbon, J, Bigagli, E, Burke R. Lambert, L, Boelens, R, Comeau, S, Kershaw, P, Lambert, R, McManus, L, Telszewski, M, Turley, CM and Van Hooidonk, R 2016 Open Ocean: Status and Trends, Summary for Policy Makers. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 20pp. (UNSPECIFIED)

Appeltans, W, ET, AL and Turley, CM 2016 The Open Ocean: Status and Trends. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 370pp. (UNSPECIFIED)

Turley, CM 2016 The Risk of Ocean Acidification to Ocean Ecosystems. United Nations Environment Programme. (UNSPECIFIED)

Turley, CM, Keizer, T, Williamson, P, Gattuso, J-P, Ziveri, P, Munro, R, Boot, K and Huelsenbeck, M 2016 Hot, Sour and Breathless – Ocean under Stress.. [Dissemination / Communication]

Turley, CM and Findlay, HS 2016 Ocean Acidification. In: Letcher, TM, (ed.) Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, second edition. Elsevier, 271-293.

Magnan, A, Bille, R, Cooley, SR, Kelly, R, Portner, HO, Turley, CM and Gattuso, J-P 2015 Intertwined ocean and climate: implications for international climate negotiations. Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales, IDDRI, 4pp. (IDDRI Policy Briefs N°04/2015)

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A, Bille, R, Cheung, WWL, Howes, EL, Joos, F, Allemand, D, Bopp, L, Cooley, SR, Eakin, CM, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Kelly, RP, Portner, H-O, Rogers, AD, Baxter, JM, Laffoley, D, Osborn, D, Rankovic, A, Rochette, J, Sumaila, UR, Treyer, S and Turley, CM 2015 Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science, 349 (6243). aac4722-aac4722. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722

Yates, K, Turley, CM, Hopkinson, B, Todgham, A, Cross, J, Greening, H, Williamson, P, Van Hooidonk, R, Deheyn, D and Johnson, ZI 2015 Transdisciplinary Science: A Path to Understanding the Interactions Among Ocean Acidification, Ecosystems, and Society. Oceanography, 25 (2). 212-225. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.43

Magnan, A, Turley, CM, Al-Moghrabi, S, Celliers, L, Hall-Spencer, JM, Holthus, P, Isensee, K, Papathanasopoulou, E and Recuero-Virto, L 2015 Governance, Governments and Legislation. [Invited Paper] In: Ocean Acidification Impacts on Coastal Communities, Third International Workshop on Bridging the Gap Between Ocean Acidification and Economic Valuation, Oceanographic Museum, Principality of Monaco, 12 - 14 January 2015. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, 25-28.

Kelleher, K, Failler, P, Boeuf, G, Gurney, L, Laffoley, D, Parker, L, Pecl, GT, Turley, CM and Warnau, M 2015 The Southern Ocean and South Pacific Region. [Invited Paper] In: 2nd Monaco International Workshop, Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, 11-13 November 2012. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, 29-47.

Hilmi, N, Allemand, D, Dupont, S, Safa, A, Haraldsson, G, Nunes, PALD, Moore, C, Hattam, C, Reynaud, S, Hall-Spencer, JM, Fine, M, Turley, CM, Jeffree, R, Orr, JC, Munday, PL and Cooley, SR 2013 Towards improved socio-economic assessments of ocean acidification’s impacts. Marine Biology, 160 (8). 1773-1787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2031-5

Turley, CM 2013 Ocean acidification. In: Noone, KJ; Sumaila, UR; Diaz, RJ, (eds.) Managing ocean environments in a changing climate: sustainability and economic perspectives. Elsevier, 15-44.

Williamson, P, Turley, CM, Brownlee, C, Findlay, HS, Ridgwell, AJ, Schmidt, DN, Schroeder, DC, Blackford, JC, Tyrrell, T and Pinnegar, JK 2013 Impacts of ocean acidification. MCCIP. 1-16.

Williamson, P and Turley, CM 2012 Ocean acidification in a geoengineering context. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 370. 4317 - 4342. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0167

Turley, CM and Gattuso, J-P 2012 Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4. 278 - 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.007

Turley, CM, Gattuso, J-P and Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2011 Ocean acidification: examples of potential impacts. Box 3.2. In: Richardson, K; Steffen, W; Liverman, D, (eds.) Climate Change: Global Risks Challenges and Decisions. Cambridge University Press, 37 - 39, 501pp.

Turley, CM, Brownlee, C, Findlay, HS, Mangi, SC, Ridgwell, AJ, Schmidt, DN and Schroeder, DC 2010 Ocean Acidification in MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11. [Output (Electronic)]

Iglesias-Rodriguez, MD, Anthony, KRN, Bijma, J, Dickson, AG, Doney, SC, Fabry, VJ, Feely, RA, Gattuso, J-P, Lee, K, Riebesell, U, Saino, T and Turley, CM 2010 Towards an Integrated Global Ocean Acidification Observation Network. OceanObs'09 plenary white paper. Proceedings of the Ocean OBs'09 Conference, 21-25 September Venice 2009. Jan-18.

Turley, CM and Boot, K 2010 Environmental consequence of ocean acidification: a threat to food security. UNEP Emerging Issues Bulletin. 01-Sep.

Turley, CM 2010 Impacts of a high CO2 world on marine ecosystems. In: Schneider, SH; Rosencranz, A; Mastrandrea, MD; Kuntz-Duriseti, K, (eds.) Climate Change and Policy. UNSPECIFIED, 66 - 73.

Turley, CM, Eby, M, Ridgwell, AJ, Schmidt, DN, Findlay, HS, Brownlee, C, Riebesell, U, Fabry, VJ and Feely, RA 2010 The societal challenge of ocean acidification. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60. 787 - 792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.006

Kleypas, JA, Feely, RA, Gattuso, J-P and Turley, CM 2010 Frequently asked questions about ocean acidification OCB EPOCA and UKOA research programme. www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/FAQS. WHOI Online. 01-Apr.

Turley, CM, Boot, K, Davidson, K-M, Laffoley, D and Saugier, P 2009 Box 6. Epoca Outreach Activities. Oceanography, 4. 200 - 200.

Bijma, J, Barange, M, Brander, L, Cardew, G, de Leeuw, J, Feely, RA, Fernand, L, Ganssen, GM, Gattuso, J-P, Haugan, PM, Davila, MG, Held, H, Hood, M, Kiefer, T, Kozyr, A, Orr, JC, Portner, HO, Rehdanz, K, Reichart, G-J, Rodhouse, PG, Schmidt, F, Thorndyke, M, Turley, CM, Urban, E, Ziveri, P, Lipiatou, E, Avril, B and Turk, D 2009 Impacts of ocean acidification.. European Science Foundation Science Policy Briefing, 37. 01-Dec.

Turley, CM, Blackford, JC, Hardman-Mountford, NJ, Litt, EJ, Llewellyn, CA, Lowe, DM, Miller, PI, Nightingale, PD, Rees, AP, Smyth, TJ, Tilstone, GH and Widdicombe, S 2009 Carbon Uptake Transport and Storage by Oceans and the Consequences of Change In Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Issues. Environmental Science & Technology, 29. 240 - 284.

Turley, CM and Findlay, HS 2009 Ocean Acidification as an Indicator for Climate Change. In: UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED, 367 - 390.

Turley, CM, Findlay, HS, Mangi, SC, Ridgwell, AJ and Schmidt, DN 2009 CO2 and ocean acidification (Eds. Baxter JM Buckley PJ and Frost MT). Marine Climate Change Ecosystem Linkages Report Card. Jan-25.

Ridgwell, AJ, Schmidt, DN, Turley, CM, Brownlee, C, Maldonado, MT, Tortell, P and Young, JR 2009 From laboratory manipulations to Earth system models: scaling calcification impacts of ocean acidification. Biogeosciences, 11. 2611 - 2623.

Findlay, HS, Kendall, MA, Spicer, JI, Turley, CM and Widdicombe, S 2008 Novel microcosm system for investigating the effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on intertidal organisms. Aquatic Biology, 3. 51 - 62. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00061

Turley, CM 2008 Impacts of changing ocean chemistry in a high-CO2 world. Mineralogical Magazine, 72 (1). 359 - 362. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.359

Hughes, C, Malin, G, Turley, CM, Keely, BJ, Nightingale, PD and Liss, PS 2008 The production of volatile iodocarbons by biogenic marine aggregates. Limnology and Oceanography, 53. 867 - 872.

Turley, CM 2007 Impacts of Climate Change on Ocean Acidification. [Output (Electronic)]

Caldeira, K, Archer, D, Barry, JP, Bellerby, RGJ, Brewer, P, Cao, L, Dickson, AG, Doney, SC, Elderfield, H, Fabry, VJ, Feely, RA, Gattuso, J-P, Haugan, PM, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Jain, AK, Kleypas, JA, Langdon, C, Orr, JC, Ridgwell, AJ, Sabine, CL, Seibel B, A, Shirayama, Y, Turley, CM, Watson, AJ and Zeebe, RE 2007 Comment on Modern-age buildup of CO2 and its effects on seawater acidity and salinity by Hugo A. Loaiciga. Geophysical Research Letters, 34. 0 - 0. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027288

Turley, CM, Roberts, JM and Guinotte, JM 2007 Corals in deep-water: will the unseen hand of ocean acidification destroy cold-water ecosystems?. Coral Reefs, 26. 445 - 448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0247-5

Turley, CM 2007 How can science help to save the marine environment? Ocean acidification - the other half of the CO2 problem. Science in Parliament, 64. 16 - 17.

Fischlin, A, Midgley, GF, Price, JT, Leemans, R, Gopal, B, Turley, CM, Rounsevell, MDA, Dube, P, Tarazona, J and Velichko, A 2007 Ecosystems their properties goods and services. Climate Change 2007: Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change M.L. Parry O.F. Canziani J.P. Palutikof P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson Eds. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4. 211 - 272.

Turley, CM and Henderiks, J 2007 Learning from the Distant Past: An IGBP/SCOR Workshop on Ocean Acidification - Modern Observations and Past Experiences. IMBER Update, 6. Nov-13.

Blackford, JC, Austen, MC, Halloran, P, Iglesias-Rodriguez, D, Mayor, DJ, Pearce, DA and Turley, CM 2007 Modelling the responses of marine ecosystems to increasing levels of CO2. In: Advances in Marine Ecosystem Modelling Workshop February 12-14 2007 Plymouth UK. 0 - 0.

Turley, CM 2007 Ocean acidification - the other half of the CO2 problem. Euroceans Fact Sheet. 0 - 0.

Turley, CM, Achterberg, EP, Blackford, JC, Schmidt, DN, Tyrrell, T and Widdicombe, S 2007 Report to NERC: Conclusions of a meeting to advise NERC on the delivery of its strategy on ocean acidification. [Dissemination / Communication]

Dixon, JL, Statham, PJ, Widdicombe, CE, Jones, R, Barquero, S, Dickie, B, Nimmo, M and Turley, CM 2006 Cadmium uptake by marine micro-organisms in the English Channel and Celtic Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 44. 31 - 43. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame044031

Turley, CM 2006 Ocean acidification and its impacts. In:. Confronting Climate Change: Critical Issues for New Zealand, Publis. 125 - 133.

Turley, CM, Blackford, JC, Widdicombe, S, Lowe, DM, Nightingale, PD and Rees, AP 2006 Reviewing the Impact of Increased Atmospheric CO2 on Oceanic pH and the Marine Ecosystem. Proceedings of the Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium. 65 - 70.

Haugan, PM, Turley, CM and Poertner, HO 2006 Effects on the marine environment of ocean acidification resulting from elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. DN-utredning 2006-1. 1 - 36.

Raven, J, Caldeira, K, Elderfield, H, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Liss, PS, Riebesell, U, Shepherd, J, Turley, CM and Watson, AJ 2005 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Royal Society Policy Document, 12-May. Jan-60.

Turley, CM and Blackford, JC 2005 The Other CO2 Problem. UNSPECIFIED, 11-Nov.

Turley, CM, Nightingale, PD, Riley, N, Widdicombe, S, Joint, IR, Gallienne, CP, Lowe, DM, Goldson, LE, Beaumont, NJ, Mariotte, PC, Groom, SB, Smerdon, GR, Rees, AP, Blackford, JC, Owens, NJP, West, J, Land, PE and Woodason, E 2004 Environmental Impact of a gradual or catastrophic release of CO2 into the Marine Environment following carbon dioxide capture and storage. [Dissemination / Communication]

O'Sullivan, LA, Fuller, KE, Thomas, EM, Turley, CM, Fry, JC and Weightman, AJ 2004 Distribution and culturability of the uncultivated 'AGG58 cluster' of Bacteroidetes phylum in aquatic environments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47. 359 - 370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00300-3

Anderson, TR and Turley, CM 2003 Low bacterial growth efficiency in the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea: a modelling analysis. Journal of Plankton Research, 25 (9). 1011 - 1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.9.1011

Turley, CM and Dixon, JL 2002 Bacterial numbers and growth in surficial deep-sea sediments and phytodetritus in the NE Atlantic: Relationships with particulate organic carbon and total nitrogen. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49 (5). 815 - 826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00080-2

Harris, JRW, Stutt, ED and Turley, CM 2001 Carbon flux in the northwest Mediterranean estimated from microbial production. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48 (12). 2631 - 2644. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00033-4

Dixon, JL and Turley, CM 2001 Measuring bacterial production in deep-sea sediments using H-3-thymidine incorporation: ecological significance. Microbial Ecology, 42 (4). 549 - 561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-001-0022-z

Ayo, B, Unanue, M, Azua, I, Gorsky, G, Turley, CM and Iriberri, J 2001 Kinetics of glucose and amino acid uptake by attached and free-living marine bacteria in oligotrophic waters. Marine Biology, 138 (5). 1071 - 1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270000518

Davey, KE, Kirby, RR, Turley, CM, Weightman, AJ and Fry, JC 2001 Depth variation of bacterial extracellular enzyme activity and population diversity in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 48 (04-May). 1003 - 1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00106-5

Dixon, JL and Turley, CM 2000 The effect of water depth on bacterial numbers thymidine incorporation rates and C : N ratios in northeast Atlantic surficial sediments. Hydrobiologia, 440 (01-Mar). 217 - 225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004127312756

Turley, CM 2000 Bacteria in the cold deep-sea benthic boundary layer and sediment-water interface of the NE Atlantic. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 33 (2). 89 - 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(00)00058-1

Turley, CM and Stutt, ED 2000 Depth-related cell-specific bacterial leucine incorporation rates on particles and its biogeochemical significance in the Northwest Mediterranean. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (2). 419 - 425.

Turley, CM, Bianchi, M, Christaki, U, Conan, P, Harris, JRW, Psarra, S, Ruddy, G, Stutt, ED, Tselepides, A and Van Wambeke, F 2000 Relationship between primary producers and bacteria in an oligotrophic sea - the Mediterranean and biogeochemical implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 193. Nov-18. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps193011

Conan, P, Turley, CM, Stutt, ED, Pujo-Pay, M and Van Wambeke, F 1999 Relationship between phytoplankton efficiency and the proportion of bacterial production to primary production in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 17 (2). 131 - 144. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame017131

Turley, CM 1999 The changing Mediterranean Sea - a sensitive ecosystem?. Progress in Oceanography, 44 (01-Mar). 387 - 400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00033-6

Turley, CM 1993 The effect of pressure on leucine and thymidine incorporation by free-living bacteria and by bacteria attached to sinking oceanic particles. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40 (11-12). 2193-2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90098-N

Lampitt, RS, Wishner, KF, Turley, CM and Angel, MV 1993 Marine snow studies in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: distribution, composition and role as a food source for migrating plankton. Marine Biology, 116 (4). 689-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00355486

Turley, CM, Gooday, AJ and Green, JC 1993 Maintenance of abyssal benthic foraminifera under high pressure and low temperature: some preliminary results. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40 (4). 643-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90063-9

Turley, CM 1993 Determination of pressure effects on flagellates isolated from surface waters. In: Kemp, PF; Cole, JJ; Sherr, BF; Sherr, EB, (eds.) Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology. CRC Press, 91-96, 800pp.

Turley, CM 1993 Direct estimates of bacterial numbers in seawater samples without incurring cell loss due to sample storage. In: Kemp, PF; Cole, JJ; Sherr, BF; Sherr, EB, (eds.) Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology. CRC Press, 143-147, 800pp.

Weeks, AR, Conte, MH, Harris, RP, Bedo, AW, Bellan, IE, Burkill, PH, Edwards, ES, Harbour, DS, Kennedy, H, Llewellyn, CA, Mantoura, RFC, Morales, CE, Pomroy, AJ and Turley, CM 1993 The Physical And Chemical Environment And Changes In Community Structure Associated With Bloom Evolution - The Joint Global Flux Study North-Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 40 (01-Feb). 347 - 368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(93)90021-E

Turley, CM 1988 Phytodetritus On The Sea Bed In The NE Atlantic At 4500-m. Chemical Geology, 70 (01-Feb). 199 - 199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90783-8

Turley, CM, Lochte, K and Patterson, DJ 1988 A Barophilic Flagellate Isolated From 4500 m In The Mid-North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers, 35 (7). 1079 - 1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90001-5

Lochte, K and Turley, CM 1988 Bacteria And Cyanobacteria Associated With Phytodetritus In The Deep-Sea. Nature, 333 (6168). 67 - 69. https://doi.org/10.1038/333067a0

Seiderer, LJ, Newell, RC, Schultes, K, Robb, FT and Turley, CM 1987 Novel Bacteriolytic Activity Associated With The Style Microflora Of The Mussel Mytilus-Edulis (L). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 110 (3). 213 - 224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(87)90002-5

Newell, RC and Turley, CM 1987 Carbon And Nitrogen Flow Through Pelagic Microheterotrophic Communities. African Journal of Marine Science [formerly called: South African Journal of Marine Science (1983-2003)], 5. 717 - 734.

Turley, CM, Newell, RC and Robins, DB 1986 Survival Strategies Of 2 Small Marine Ciliates And Their Role In Regulating Bacterial Community Structure Under Experimental Conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 33 (1). 59 - 70. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps033059

Turley, CM, Newell, RC and Robins, DB 1985 Interactions between marine protozooplankton and bacterial prey. Abstracts [Ocean Sciences Meeting, 1985]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 66 (51). 1257. https://doi.org/10.1029/EO066i051p01257